Names are rigid designators so the description theory of names is Essay

Names are rigid designators so the description theory of names is wrong - Essay Example Some of the contributors to the development of this theory' is attributed to Kripke, Putnam and Wettstein. According to Kripke, proper names and definite descriptions are designators. That is, in every possible world they designate the same object. Kripke distinguishes the meaning of a designator and the way its reference is determined. Then he puts forth his causal theory of naming: initially, the reference of a name is fixed by some operation such as description then the name is passed from link to link. A name is not identified by a set of unique properties satisfied by the referent: the speaker may have erroneous beliefs about those properties or they may not be unique. The name is passed to the speaker by tradition from link to link. Kripke rejects the view that either proper or common nouns are associated with properties that serve to select what they are referring to. Both proper and common names have a referent. The property cannot determine the reference as the object might not have that property in all worlds. For example, gold might not be yellow in all worlds. Kripke's causal theory of names assumes that names are linked to their referents through a casual chain. A term applies directly to an object via a connection that was set in place by the initial naming of the object. A nonrigid designator is a term that changes its referent across possible worlds. The Nature of Names Consider, for example, a Biology class out on a field trip. Walking in the woods, the professor asks the students to identify the plants that they encounter. A student is asked to identify a plant. Seeing that the plant has thorns, has red flowers that are well known to be a symbol of love and lives in the wilderness, the student names the plant as a Wild Rose. Thus, the naming was based on descriptions that were learned and passed on to the student. Can we therefore say that naming, specifically proper names, are based on descriptions That is, is the Old Theory essentially correct In this paper we, argue that naming is not essentially descriptive but is actually an exercise of designating rigidly. Nevertheless, in this paper, we also argue that naming does have some degree of descriptive being. Naming Without Conceptualization In this philosophical argument, we find that there is a need to use real world examples to do away with the abstractions and complications that a discussion such as this would entail. The unifying string of this paper's argument is that a person could refer to an object by indicating its name without actually knowing the descriptions of the object that he doesn't have a concept of - no knowledge of any descriptions or whatsoever that may give the person naming an idea of the object/person being named. It would then follow that it is possible to name an object without substantial conceptualization. If it is possible to name objects without such conceptualization, then a theory of the meaning of names should not be secluded to such elements. Note that we use the word secluded. By conceptualization,

Report based on a Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report based on a Case Study - Essay Example Moreover, the computer graduates need to cover a gestation period of around one year before being totally equipped to join the profession. The above reasons contribute to the lack of a proper skilled and technically proficient workforce in the region. To this end, it is found that a non-profit organization Geekcorps Ghana is endeavoring to rejuvenate the industrial base of the small and medium industries by arranging needed expertise. Geekcorps Ghana is a part of Geekcorps International and it operates based on the mission of transferring technological expertise from the developed countries to the region of Ghana. The non-profit organization operates in the pattern of hiring technical volunteers from developed countries like America who would help in making the small and medium sized industries technically strong and efficient. Technical Volunteers from the developed countries come on a three to four month stint to Ghana and operate to make the industries become technically sound. (I CT-Enabled Development Case Studies Series: Geekcorps of Ghana, 2004). In regards to the stakeholder approach to the case study on Geekcorps Ghana it is found that its activities has helped in generating certain definite and distinct interest groups. It is found that the technical support rendered through the transferring of technical expertise has helped developed the condition of technical students and enterprises operating in the private sector. Moreover, the activity of the non-profit organization has also generated impact on technical team of volunteers hired from developed countries. (ICT-Enabled Development Case Studies Series: Geekcorps of Ghana, 2004). A detailed analysis of the stakeholders is presented as under. It is observed that the computer science educational pattern of the Universities operating in the region of Ghana depended on a traditional framework. The students graduating in Information Technology from these Universities were found to depend

Relationship Between Leadership And Management

Relationship Between Leadership And Management Management can be defined as getting things done through others on the other hand, Leadership may be defined as the process of influencing behavior of an individual or group regardless of reasons, it may be for ones own goal or a friends goals and may or may not be congruent with organization goals. While learning the link between management and leadership, I should consider the difference between both of these. A manager has to perform all the functions of management such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling Leadership functions come under directing through which behavior is directed to get maximum use of subordinates ability Thus leadership is a part of management not all of it. This implies that strong leader can be a weak manager because weak in planning or some other managerial function. The reverse is also possible. Therefore Management and leadership are highly interconnected. One without another is not healthy for an organization. As per kotter (1990) says that managing seeks to produce predictability and order, where as leading seeks to produce organised change. Both rules are necessary but the problems can occur if an appropriate balance is not maintained. Too much emphasis on the managing role can be discouraged risk taking and bureaucracy without a clear purpose. In PAPA JOHN, I can notice some of these conditions mentioned above. The newly appointed manager in papa john is very efficient in planning the things and his analytical thoughts make him an eminent manager in this industry but unfortunately he is not having some leadership requirements i.e. he does not usually motivate the employees intrinsically. Last month my colleague, who is in delivery department, had achieved 100 percent accuracy in delivery but he was only given with incentives there were no appreciations from the manager but the earlier manager used to appreciate lot and make the achiever fully motivated. Lack of intrinsic motivation reduced employees involvement in the organization. So they just come, work and move. This culture should not have encouraged. Since the manager doesnt think about these things, subsequently he had to face a serious labour problem. When the organization was in need of labors to work on a Christmas holiday, they refused work because the rapport be tween the manager and employee was very low. They dont have any value on the organization. That ended up with NO VALUE CREATION on the employees towards the organization. 1.2 Impact Of Management And Leadership Styles On Strategic Decisions In this competitive world, strategic decisions play a significant role in the organization. Anyway, the decisions are taken by managers so the manager must posses the skills which is essential for decision making Whenever a new strategy is imposed, the subordinates reaction is inevitable. The manager must forecast the reactions before implementing the new strategy otherwise a serious problem may arise in the organization that would definitely affect the relationship between the manager and subordinates. For instance, IN Papa johns, the production manager made a strategic decision to avoid late delivery in the organization but the delivery boys didnt follow the new rules and regulation. So he has to be a very strict with these labour.. They subsequently decided to move out the organization that creates the attrition in the organization. The manager should develop an appropriate leadership style which is pertinent to the current decision. Here the manager should have developed PARTICIPATIVE STYLE of leadership which could help employer to motivate the employees rather than making them moving out from the organization. 1.3 leadership style can be adapted to different situations Leadership styles should co-ordinate with the situations to make effective implementation of decisions.Here are some leadership styles and situations. Leadership Situations Autocratic leadership The working environment where responsibility, efforts are low. The group may neglect the ultimate responsibility that would destroy the whole organizations culture. Participative The group of employees newly enters in organization. The working environment that needs high motivation, interactions and team work. A positive drive should be stimulated. Free-rein leadership The environment where the employees are highly matured and self motivated. There are two big extremes Boss centered leadership and subordinate centered leaderships. Both are highly required in the organization to fulfill its situational needs. So a manager should be cautious in selecting the leadership style on the basis of the condition of the organization. IN Papa johns, the leadership style is highly task oriented. Only target achievers get incentive based benefits no appreciation. Because of this, only few employees are motivated. Many of the employees are not motivated. Eventually labor problem is a big issue in the organization. The organization has to face labour turnover problem, downward trend in performance and labour and manager relationship problems. At this situation, the management should adapt participative style of leadership so that the relationship between manager and employees can be developed. Task 2 2.1 The Impact of The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid Leadership Theory On The Papa Johns Theory one: the Blake Mouton Managerial Grid In the 1940s, in an attempt to identify the behavioral characteristics of successful leaders, Blake and Mouton identified two fundamental drivers of managerial behavior: the concern for getting the job done, and the concern for people doing the work. The Impoverished or the Indifferent Style (Low Production / Low People) A delegate-and-disappear management style. A basically lazy approach. The manager shows a low concern for both people and production. Country Club Style (Low Production / High People) One-sided, thoughtful attention to the needs of employees. The relationship-oriented manager has a high concern for people, but a low concern for production. He pays much attention to the security and comfort of the employees Produce, Dictatorial or Perish Style (High Production / Low People) An authoritarian or compliance leader. A task-oriented manager, he has a high concern for production and a low concern for people. He finds employee needs unimportant and simply a means to an end. The Middle-of-the-road or The Status-quo Style (Medium Production / Medium People) Balance and compromise The manager tries to balance between the competing goals of the company and the needs of the workers The Team or Sound Style (High Production / High People). Contribute and commit. It is the ultimate. The manager pays high concern to both people and production. Motivation is high In PAPA JOHN PIZZA task oriented leadership strategy is followed. The manager is highly conscious about productivity and business. There is no consideration for labours grievance. Since the labours are available in stages, the manager can easily fine the labour for any vacancy so he never tend to build rapport with the labours. Furthermore there is team work is encouraged employees are not motivated enough in the organization. Once my colleague suffered from a serious ill and he took a week of unannounced holiday. Even though it is his mistake taking unannounced leave, he approached the manager and explained the reasons for the unannounced leave but the manager was not ready to listen his words straight away he refused his reasons and eliminated his service that was a worse case so almost all the employees hate his way of rudeness towards employees. that made a bad impression on the management so the employees have on the manager and organization so whenever they meet with an opportu nity. They quit the job and move out. This is the serious concern for the manager now. So now he has to change his leadership level from High Production / Low People to High Production / High People to achieve a long run leadership development strategy. Theory two: The Five-Factor Theory of Personality Both Cattells and Eysencks theory have been the subject of considerable research, which has led some theorists to believe that Cattell focused on too many traits, while Eysenck focused on too few. As a result, a new trait theory often referred to as the Big Five theory emerged. This  five-factor model of personality  represents five core traits that interact to form human personality. While researchers often disagree about the exact labels for each dimension, the following are described most commonly: Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness Introversion/Extraversion: Introversion involves directing attention on inner experiences, while extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the environment. So, a person high in introversion might be quiet and reserved, while an individual high in extraversion might be sociable and outgoing. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability: This dimension of Eysencks trait theory is related to moodiness versus even-temperedness. Neuroticism refers to an individuals tendency to become upset or emotional, while stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant. Psychoticism: Later, after studying individuals suffering from mental illness, Eysenck added a personality dimension he called psychoticism to his trait theory. Individuals who are high on this trait tend to have difficulty dealing with reality and may be antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic and manipulative.4 In papa johns the manager is Neurotic type of behavior so he doesnt extend friendly relationship with the employees instead he speaks professionally. That makes employees fed up with his behaviors in the organization. This shows the character of the manager is to moodiness versus even-temperedness. Neuroticism refers to an individuals tendency to become upset or emotional, while stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant. 2.2 Leadership Strategy That Supports Organizational Directions Vision of my organization (PAPAJOHNS) PAPA JOHNS is in the expansion path. It spreads its franchises in many places and now the organization has a vision of becoming a well rounded multi national company and greater value creation among the employees and customers. Strategy to achieve the vision To achieve greater value creation among the employee, the organization has to develop the people oriented leadership that favors the employees to take part in the success of the organization. When the employees feel that they work for a organization which concerns a lot for them. The key points to achieve this Provide better working conditions Appreciations that motivates the employees Developing synergy in the work Creating employee orientations for making the awareness of change in the organization. Participative kind of leadership that allows employees to explore their views on the organizations. Building good relationship between manager and employees. After implementing these strategies the organization should have good monitoring to control if any changes persist.

Workplace for Disabled Employees Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Workplace for Disabled Employees      Ã‚  Ã‚   A person with a disability, or handicap, can be defined as someone with a physical or mental impairment, which has a substantial or long-term adverse affect on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities (Employment 2). Handicap workers face many challenges in the work place that the average person overlooks. Also, many special arrangements and alterations have been made to the workplace for people with handicaps. Accessibility, transportation, workload, and salary are just some of the many issues that must be considered with the prospect of employing the handicap.    In some ways, most every individual is disabled to some degree. People who wear corrective lenses are visually disabled. People without a college degree are often considered educationally disabled. Any physical or mental trait that prevents a person from performing to the same level as an unimpaired person could be considered a handicap. However, wearing glasses and not having a college degree are not usually considered to be traits that get in the way of every day life. Most disabilities that affect a person by societal standards are mild to extreme physical limitations and/or mental retardation.    Often the focus of comedic routines, people with speech impairment face ridicule and embarrassment with he simple act of trying to communicate with others. Stuttering, foreign accents, and difficulty with vowel pronunciation all affect the meaning behind the spoken language. For example, a statement made quickly with a harsh tone could be perceived as anger. The same statement made with a slower and softer voice could be considered as sadness. Considered these inflections w... ...fectively allow these individuals to become part of the nation's labor force (Vocational 1).    Works Cited    "Employment Opportunities for People With Disabilities". http://www.opportunities.org.uk/aboutthecharity/. com. December 4, 2001. Garcia, Linda J.; Barrette Jacques; Laroche, Chantal. "Perceptions of the Obstacles to Work Reintegration for Persons with Aphasia". Aphasiology Mar2000, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p269, 22p. http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/vii.htmlz. December 10, 2001 Inge, Katherine J.; Strobel, Wendy; Wehman, Paul; Todd, Jennifer; and Pam Targett. "Vocational Outcomes for Persons With Severe Physical Disabilities: Design and Implementation of Workplace Supports". NeuroRehabilitation, 2000, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p175, 13p Stark, Pete. "Stark Introduces Disabled Workers Opportunity Act". FDCH Press Releases, 02/06/2001.       Workplace for Disabled Employees Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Workplace for Disabled Employees      Ã‚  Ã‚   A person with a disability, or handicap, can be defined as someone with a physical or mental impairment, which has a substantial or long-term adverse affect on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities (Employment 2). Handicap workers face many challenges in the work place that the average person overlooks. Also, many special arrangements and alterations have been made to the workplace for people with handicaps. Accessibility, transportation, workload, and salary are just some of the many issues that must be considered with the prospect of employing the handicap.    In some ways, most every individual is disabled to some degree. People who wear corrective lenses are visually disabled. People without a college degree are often considered educationally disabled. Any physical or mental trait that prevents a person from performing to the same level as an unimpaired person could be considered a handicap. However, wearing glasses and not having a college degree are not usually considered to be traits that get in the way of every day life. Most disabilities that affect a person by societal standards are mild to extreme physical limitations and/or mental retardation.    Often the focus of comedic routines, people with speech impairment face ridicule and embarrassment with he simple act of trying to communicate with others. Stuttering, foreign accents, and difficulty with vowel pronunciation all affect the meaning behind the spoken language. For example, a statement made quickly with a harsh tone could be perceived as anger. The same statement made with a slower and softer voice could be considered as sadness. Considered these inflections w... ...fectively allow these individuals to become part of the nation's labor force (Vocational 1).    Works Cited    "Employment Opportunities for People With Disabilities". http://www.opportunities.org.uk/aboutthecharity/. com. December 4, 2001. Garcia, Linda J.; Barrette Jacques; Laroche, Chantal. "Perceptions of the Obstacles to Work Reintegration for Persons with Aphasia". Aphasiology Mar2000, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p269, 22p. http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/vii.htmlz. December 10, 2001 Inge, Katherine J.; Strobel, Wendy; Wehman, Paul; Todd, Jennifer; and Pam Targett. "Vocational Outcomes for Persons With Severe Physical Disabilities: Design and Implementation of Workplace Supports". NeuroRehabilitation, 2000, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p175, 13p Stark, Pete. "Stark Introduces Disabled Workers Opportunity Act". FDCH Press Releases, 02/06/2001.      

Electric Scooter Market in China- Market Competition & Opportunities Essay

Research and Forecast of China Electric Scooter Industry, 2014-2018 mainly conducts in-depth market research on Electric Scooter market in the following aspects: market scale, supply and demand, market competition and business performance of major enterprises, meanwhile it makes a prediction about electric scooter industry and provides decision-making references for investors. In 2013, the demand volume of electric scooters in China reached 1. 05 million units, an increase of 31. 25% year-on-year. In current electric scooter market, the products mainly serve for the elderly, the disabled and home women; with the deepened population aging degree and the increased consumption level, the demand for electric scooter is also growing increasingly. Complete Report @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/research-and-forecast-of-china-electric-scooter-industry-2014-2018 . Inquire Before Buying @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/contacts/inquire-before-buy? rname=4357 . Table Of Contents 1. Overview of China’s Electric Scooter Products 1. 1 Product Brief Introduction 1. 1. 1 Brief Introduction 1. 1. 2 Composition 1. 1. 3 Advantages 1. 2 Classification 2. Electric Scooter Situation in Foreign Countries and Taiwan 2. 1 Foreign Countries 2. 2 Taiwan 3. Environment of China’s Electric Scooter Industry 3. 1 Economic Environment 3. 2 Industry Relevant Policies, Standards, Laws and Regulations 4. Characteristics of Electric Scooter Industry 4. 1 Concentration Ratio 4. 2 SWOT 4. 3 Industry Chain 4. 4 Competitive Landscape 5. Supply and Demand in China’s Electric Scooter Market 5. 1 Supply Situation 5. 1. 1 Supply Situation 5. 1. 2 Main Brands 5. 2 Demand Situation 5. 3 Demand Factors 5. 4 Price Situation 5. 4. 1 Price 5. 4. 2 Factors Affecting the Price 5. 4. 3 Price Trend 6. Overview of China’s Low Speed Electric Vehicle 6. 1 Brief Introduction 6. 1. 1 Product Introduction 6. 1. 2 Main Products and the Introduction 6. 2 Development Situation in China 6. 3 Overview of China’s Main Manufacturers 6. 4 Market Situation of Four-wheel Low Speed Electric Vehicle Market and the Forecast 6. 4. 1 Current Application Situation. 6. 4. 2 Domestic Market 6. 4. 3 International Market 7. Import and Export of China’s Electric Scooters 7. 1 Import and Export 7. 2 Sources of Import and Destinations of Export 8. Technological Development of Electric Scooter Products 8. 1 Technological Development Situation 8. 1. 1 Relevant Domestic Patents 8. 1. 2 Research Situation 8. 2 Technological Development Direction 8. 2. 1 Technological Maturity in China and Technological Difference between China and Foreign Countries 8. 2. 2 Technological Development Direction 9. Main Enterprises and Competitive Landscape in China’s Electric Scooter Industry 9. 1 Feishen Group Co. , Ltd. 9. 1. 1 Company Profile 9. 1. 2 Company Strength 9. 1. 3 Independent R&D Situation 9. 1. 4 Business Performance 9. 2 Jinhua ACEME Electric Co. , Ltd. 9. 2. 1 Company Profile 9. 2. 2 Company Strength 9. 2. 3 Development Trend 9. 2. 4 Business Performance 9. 3 Zhejiang Ripu Electronic Science and Technology Co. , Ltd. 9. 3. 1 Company Profile 9. 3. 2 Company Strength 9. 3. 3 Business Performance 9. 4 Wisking Electromechanical Product Co. , Ltd. 9. 4. 1 Company Profile 9. 4. 2 Company Strength 9. 4. 3 Business Performance 9. 5 Xuzhou Maston Mobility Co. , Ltd. 9. 5. 1 Company Profile 9. 5. 2 Company Strength 9. 5. 3 Business Performance 9. 5. 4 Development Strategy 10. Development Forecast and Investment Prospect of China’s Electric Scooter Industry 10. 1 Forecast of Supply, 2014-2018 10. 2 Forecast of Demand, 2014-2018 10. 3 Main Development Direction 11. Investment Suggestions and Opinions from the Experts 11. 1 Investment Opportunity 11. 1. 1 Market Space 11. 1. 2 Industry Development Trend. 11. 2 Investment Risk 11. 2. 1 Horizontal Competition Risk 11. 2. 2 Market Trade Risk 11. 2. 3 Influence of Industry Policy Changes 11. 3 Risk Precautionary Measure and Industry Coping Strategy 11. 3. 1 Precautionary Measure for Horizontal Competition Risk 11. 3. 2 Actively Develop Upstream Sellers and Downstream Consumers to Reduce Market Risk 11. 3. 3 Coping Strategy of Enterprises Request Discount @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/contacts/discount? rname=4357 . Buy Report @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/contacts/purchase? rname=4357.

Dick Smith Cover Letter Essay

Please accept my enthusiastic application for the Retail salesperson. As soon as I saw your advertisement on Trademe.com, I knew I was the perfect candidate for the position. I believe my experience of encountering lots of different types of people from all of the activities i have joined before will be very helpful and useable for the position as i am a very patient person. Besides, i am not entering school until term 1 of 2015 because I just arrived here 3 weeks ago and was advised to start school only on term 1 of 2015 since term 4 of 2014 is ending soon. So i will be able to work whenever needed and i will be able to help out in any way. Also, it is only a few minutes away from my house so that won’t be a problem. My passion about getting more experience about working and gaining knowledge about technologies would make me an excellent position for the retail salesperson. I have participated in lots of sports activities such as Karate, which i am in a brown-black belt now which is the one last stage before the black belt, got gold in kumite category in regionals and silver in kata category. Also been in the school Volleyball team and participated at Regionals, school Athlete (track and field) and managed to get silver at regionals, also a Dancer and got champions in competitions with my crew several times. Also do Rhythmic Gymnastics and Artistic Gymnastic and got 5th placing in Rhythmic Gymnastic Malaysia Nationals senior category 2014. Lastly, i also join Cheerleading and was the captain of my team back in Malaysia and managed to get champions at inter school competition during my first year of leading. By joining all sorts of activities from all different ages ranging from youngsters to elderly, I have became a confident person and a much better person. I am also the type of person that loves to keep everything in order and tidy so i can ensure the place would always be tidy.  Since i was a kid, I was a natural leader of a certain group. I was also a school prefect for several times and i will always take care of my responsibly. By becoming a leader, i learned to gain confidence in speaking to groups. I have also been told that I have an approachable attitude and i myself know that cause I smile a lot and be friendly. I have an average understanding of the general knowledge and interests of technologies. Also encountered lot of different type of people from all the activities i have joined before. I therefore know what sorts of attitude and types of people there are and can easily handle and talk to them. I have the skill to be able to talk in multiple languages. Such as Mandarin, and Malay. So i am pretty sure that may be an advantage as they are quite some Chinese’s here. I have been always been the problem solver between my friends and my all my teams in whatever the situation is since i have a very high patience. I am not schooling until 2015 so i will be free and be prepared to work on weekend/holiday shifts and to be able to work on odd occasion when needed. have enclosed my resume, thank you for taking you time to read this resume of mine and also Thank you so much for your time and consideration.

Using German Participles as Adjectives and Adverbs

Using German Participles as Adjectives and Adverbs As in English, the past participle of a German verb may be used as an adjective or adverb. In English,  stolen  is the past participle of the verb  to steal. The word  stolen  can be used as an adjective, as in: â€Å"Thats a  stolen  car.† Similarly, in German the past participle  gestohlen  (fromstehlen, to steal) can also be used as an adjective: â€Å"Das ist ein  gestohlenes  Auto.† The only significant difference between the ways that English and German use the past participle as an adjective is the fact that, unlike English adjectives, German adjectives must have an appropriate ending if they precede a noun. (Notice the -es  ending in the example above. More about adjective endings in  Lesson 5  and  Adjective Endings.) Of course, it also helps if you know the correct past participle forms to use. A past participle such as  interessiert  (interested) can also be used as an adverb: â€Å"Wir saheninteressiert  zu.† (â€Å"We watched  interestedly/with interest.†) Present Participles Unlike its English equivalent, the present participle in German is used almost exclusively as an adjective or adverb. For other uses, German present participles are usually replaced by nominalized verbs (verbs used as nouns) -   das Lesen  (reading),  das Schwimmen  (swimming) - to function like English gerunds, for instance. In English, the present participle has an -ingending. In German the present participle ends in -end:  weinend  (crying),  pfeifend  (whistling),schlafend  (sleeping). In German, â€Å"a  sleeping  child† is â€Å"ein  schlafendes  Kind.† As with any adjective in German, the ending must fit the grammatical context, in this case an -es  ending (neuter/das). Many present participle adjective phrases in German are translated with a relative clause or an appositive phrase in English. For example, â€Å"Der  schnell vorbeifahrende  Zug machte großen Lrm,† would be, â€Å"The train, which was  quickly passing by, made a tremendous noise,† rather than the literal, â€Å"The quickly passing by train...† When used as adverbs, German present participles are treated like any other adverb, and the English translation usually places the adverb or adverbial phrase at the end: â€Å"Er kam  pfeifend  ins Zimmer.† â€Å"He came into the room  whistling.† Present participles are used more often in writing than in spoken German. Youll run across them a lot when reading books, magazines, or newspapers.

Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Essay Example

Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Essay Example Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Paper Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Paper A nurse is a healthcare professional, who in collaboration with other members of a health care team is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill individuals. Nurses are also accountable for the health promotion and maintenance of families, communities, populations, and the treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings. Nurses perform a range of clinical and non-clinical functions necessary to the delivery of health care and may also be involved in medical and nursing research. This paper will reflect the differences in the necessary competencies for nurses prepared at the associate degree (ADN) and baccalaureate of science (BSN) level. Both the ADN and BSN level, allow the individual to sit for the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). After successfully completing the NCLEX, both the ADN and BSN nurse are knowledgeable enough to complete physical assessments, intravenous, and drug administration. Both are also knowledgeable of medical equipment. ADN’s and BSN’s are competent to demonstrate life-saving practices, like airway management, cardiac monitoring oxygen delivery, drains, and wound care. According to Mahaffey, 2002 the Associate Degree (AD) nursing program originated during a period when the nursing personnel shortage was extensive enough, to prepare a practitioner capable of providing direct and safe nursing care under the supervision of a professional nurse in the acute care setting. With that being a fact of the nursing field, many individuals have been attracted to the two year ADN program, versus the four year BSN program. According to Mahaffey (2002), the ADN programs were created because of the increase in violence and the ill populations that followed World War II. Though there are similarities between the ADN and BSN, there are distinct differences that also exist. The Baccalaureate nurse has increased knowledge surrounding professional issues such as research leadership, management skills, transcultural, and public health. Baccalaureate nurse’s have an increased opportunity to advance in administration, supervisory, and leadership positions. After completing the four year program and successfully completing the NCLEX exam, graduates with a BSN can choose from direct patient care, teaching, administration, research, case management, marketing positions in a hospital, community, educational, military, government, industrial, and expanded practice settings. A Baccalaureate nurse practices in a diverse setting, versus a more controlled setting as an Associates nurse. Being currently employed by a well-known hospital in west Phoenix, AZ increases the personal exposure to BSN’s, other ADN’s, and further important personnel that makes up the hospitals team of healthcare professionals. The hospital is a 32 bed emergency department with two major treatment rooms. On average, the department treats 270-300 patients per day. Included in the team of healthcare professionals are two CM’s (clinical managers), on each shift, who each have BSN degrees. The CM’s accountabilities range from completing the assignment sheet, to rounding, bed counts, huddle, call offs, answering general questions, addressing complaints, answering of the patch phone, and arranging bed assignments. Further accountabilities of the CM include arranging employee evaluations and conducting meetings. Essentially, the CM’s are positioned to ensure that the flow and cohesiveness of work shifts are as effective as possible for patients among the BSN’s and ADN’s providing care. Floor nurses, who are mostly comprised of AD nurse’s, are considered technical, or hands on nurses. Each AD nurse is assigned to a zone with six-seven rooms. There are two Registered Nurses (RN’s) and an Emergency Room Technician (ERT) in each zone. The patient to nurse ratio is generally a three to one ratio. Further illustration of how the current place of employment operates, the following example is provided. Suppose there is a patch call with a patient exhibiting chest pain and the ambulance is five minutes out. In this case, the room is equipped and prepared with all the essential needs for the chest pain patient upon their arrival in the ambulance. After the patient has arrived, the primary nurse on duty receives a report from the Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) that accompanied and provided initial care to the patient in the ambulance. At the same time, the secondary nurse and ERT become technical, or hands on. The patient is administered oxygen, cardiac monitors are placed, an EKG is administered, locks and labs are drawn, normal saline is administered, and a urinalysis is taken along with the patients’ blood glucose level. Each of these tasks is initiated prior to the Emergency Room Medical Doctor (MD) seeing the patient, or at the same time. Emergency rooms around the world operate in similar fashions to ensure that time is of the essence and that a patients recovery from their medical issue is the number one priority for the medical team on duty. In closing, both the ADN and BSN programs are preparatory tools for an individual to become a nurse. Though differences exist among the accountabilities for each, both positions are essential for the operations of a successful medical organization to exist. Through the pursuit of this BSN curriculum and eventual certification, it will be of personal gratitude, to have the ability of applying current education to the learning process of watching team members closer and asking appropriate questions of each mentioned in this document. References Caruso E. The evolution of nurse-to-nurse bedside report on a medical-surgical cardiology unit. Med-surg Nurs. 2007;16(1):17–22. Kerr M. 2002; 37(2):125–134 A qualitative study of shift handover practice And function from a Socio-technical perspective. J Adv Nurse. Mahaffey, E. , (2002). The relevance of associate degree nursing education Past, present, future. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 7 (2), 1-12. Retrieved March 6, 2011 from nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume72002/No2May2002/RelevanceofAssociateDegree. aspx

Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth

Many of Shakespeare’s plays follow Aristotelian ideas of tragedy, for instance Macbeth does a decent job in shadowing Aristotle’s model. Aristotle describes one of the most important elements of a tragedy to be a tragic hero. The tragic hero however must present certain qualities such as nobility and virtue. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Macbeth begins the play coming home from battle, he is said to have fought with great courage and King Duncan himself awards him the title of the thane of Cawdor in reward for his bravery. The qualities make Macbeth a tragic hero as he possesses not only a noble title, but also the assets of a great warrior and hero. However, Aristotle emphasizes that if the tragic hero was as perfect as he seems than the audience would not be able to identify with him and this would not be considered a tragedy. Macbeth shows us his humanity very early in the play when he learns that Malcolm, Duncan’s son, will be the heir to the throne of Scotland. In response, Macbeth acknowledges that he himself should be awarded the crown and will not rest until royalty is his. Macbeth is an ambitious character, which is a quality that many humans can identify with. This ambitiousness is known as Macbeth’s tragic flaw. This leads to Aristotle’s next component of a tragedy, the tragic flaw. The hero’s tragic flaw must lead to the downfall of the character; his demise can be caused by no one other than himself. Macbeth’s ambitious personality leads him to become caught up in attaining power for himself. Macbeth’s ruthless behavior causes him to commit murder to Duncan in order to gain kingship. Even after his wish comes true, he continues to sacrifice the lives of others, including his close friend Banquo, to assure that he never loses his throne. However, Macbeth does not go unpunished as he suffers countless dreams and illusions that drive him to insanity. The loss of his wife also brings Macbeth to his final denouement. In the end, Macbeth is killed by Macduff; because of his arrogance he believed he was invincible even after being told his fate. Macbeth reaches his end through the same way he lived his life, through murder and deception. Many argue over the fairness of Macbeth’s life, but the goal of a tragedy in Aristotle’s view point is to strike fear and pity in the audience through harsh punishment upon the hero in extreme ways. Finally, Aristotle claims that in order for a tragedy to be effective, the fear and pity must be released from the audience through catharsis. First the tragic hero must gain some knowledge from his tragic life. Macbeth shows this self-realization in his ‘yellow leaf’ soliloquy when he expresses remorse for his actions. Also, in the end he knows he must fight until the end whether his fate is death. At this point the audience is cleansed of the emotions of the plot and the tragedy is finished. Macbeth is a primary example of a typical Aristotelian tragedy. It follows the structure necessary from the tragic hero, to his downfall and ultimately to the catharsis necessary for an original Greek drama. The aspects of this play are a perfect example of the tragedies of that era. Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth Many of Shakespeare’s plays follow Aristotelian ideas of tragedy, for instance Macbeth does a decent job in shadowing Aristotle’s model. Aristotle describes one of the most important elements of a tragedy to be a tragic hero. The tragic hero however must present certain qualities such as nobility and virtue. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Macbeth begins the play coming home from battle, he is said to have fought with great courage and King Duncan himself awards him the title of the thane of Cawdor in reward for his bravery. The qualities make Macbeth a tragic hero as he possesses not only a noble title, but also the assets of a great warrior and hero. However, Aristotle emphasizes that if the tragic hero was as perfect as he seems than the audience would not be able to identify with him and this would not be considered a tragedy. Macbeth shows us his humanity very early in the play when he learns that Malcolm, Duncan’s son, will be the heir to the throne of Scotland. In response, Macbeth acknowledges that he himself should be awarded the crown and will not rest until royalty is his. Macbeth is an ambitious character, which is a quality that many humans can identify with. This ambitiousness is known as Macbeth’s tragic flaw. This leads to Aristotle’s next component of a tragedy, the tragic flaw. The hero’s tragic flaw must lead to the downfall of the character; his demise can be caused by no one other than himself. Macbeth’s ambitious personality leads him to become caught up in attaining power for himself. Macbeth’s ruthless behavior causes him to commit murder to Duncan in order to gain kingship. Even after his wish comes true, he continues to sacrifice the lives of others, including his close friend Banquo, to assure that he never loses his throne. However, Macbeth does not go unpunished as he suffers countless dreams and illusions that drive him to insanity. The loss of his wife also brings Macbeth to his final denouement. In the end, Macbeth is killed by Macduff; because of his arrogance he believed he was invincible even after being told his fate. Macbeth reaches his end through the same way he lived his life, through murder and deception. Many argue over the fairness of Macbeth’s life, but the goal of a tragedy in Aristotle’s view point is to strike fear and pity in the audience through harsh punishment upon the hero in extreme ways. Finally, Aristotle claims that in order for a tragedy to be effective, the fear and pity must be released from the audience through catharsis. First the tragic hero must gain some knowledge from his tragic life. Macbeth shows this self-realization in his ‘yellow leaf’ soliloquy when he expresses remorse for his actions. Also, in the end he knows he must fight until the end whether his fate is death. At this point the audience is cleansed of the emotions of the plot and the tragedy is finished. Macbeth is a primary example of a typical Aristotelian tragedy. It follows the structure necessary from the tragic hero, to his downfall and ultimately to the catharsis necessary for an original Greek drama. The aspects of this play are a perfect example of the tragedies of that era.

Business law case assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business law case assessment - Assignment Example They can succeed if it is established that Mercury & Partners owed a duty of care to them and that duty has been breached. On the other hand, Mercury & Partners might look to contend that they had no relation with Elvis and Dionne. There is no privy as there is not contract between them. A contractual liability is different from being liable for negligence. Negligence liability does not require the parties involved to be in a contract. The tort of negligence emanates from the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)1 in which the defendant drank from a bottle of ginger beer which had a snail. It was held that the manufacturer of the bottle had a duty of care to keep the ginger beer free from snails as his bottles were opaque and any unsuspecting user could have drank it. The tort of negligence has five elements: i. Duty of care; ii. Breach of duty; iii. Factual causation; iv. Legal causation or remoteness; v. Harm; Firstly, in order to establish a duty of care, courts apply a â⠂¬Å"threefold test† that was introduced in Caparo v Dickman (1990)2. The three conditions are: i. The harm must be foreseeable; ii. There must be a relation of proximity between the parties involved; iii. It must be fair, just and reasonable to impose liability. In Caparo v Dickman (1990)3, Lord Oliver made it clear that once it is maintained that the harm was foreseeable, the relationship of proximity is automatically established. The courts have to examine whether it is just and reasonable to impose liability. Sometimes, the harm that is done is so remote that it fails the criterion of reasonableness. Most importantly, the individual circumstances of a particular case play a huge role in the establishment of duty of care. The aforementioned criteria are not necessarily the benchmark on which duty of care is to be established in each and every case. For tort of negligence, when duty of care is established, there must a breach of duty and harm must be caused which is the direc t result of the breach of duty. Factual causation is very important as a plaintiff cannot look to hold the defendant liable for a loss or harm that is not a direct result of the defendant’s act of negligence. It is unfair, unjust and unreasonable to hold the defendant liable for an unforeseeable harm. However, a physical harm poses a different question. In the given case, Mercury & Partners are the auditors and they have a duty to prepare their audit reports with reasonable care. There is a wide variety of users that uses audit reports to make important economic decisions. Reliability is a principle that sits at the very base of preparing audit reports. Elvis and Dionne made investments in Holly plc because of the information that they received from the audit report prepared by Mercury and Partners. Their loss was reasonably foreseeable which means that there was a relation of proximity too. There has been a breach of duty which has directly resulted in Elvis and Dionne losin g $100,000 each. All the elements of tort of negligence are there. However, the recovery of the loss might not be possible. In Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964)4, Lord Reid explained that when a negligently made article is broadcast so that a variety of ultimate consumers act on the advice, it is unfair to hold the advisor liable to each and every one of them. Therefore, Elvis and Dionne might just be one of the many ultimate consumers

IT Doesn't Matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Doesn't Matter - Essay Example An example of the technology is that involved in sharing tasks in building a railway so that the rail is completed in time. Proprietary is the technology that is able to give a company a competitive advantage as long as there is protection in the production rights that the company operates on. This leads to generation of higher profits than the rivals. IT was compared to transport system as it transmits digital information the same way as it is in transport system. The comparison is with the other modes of transport including power grids that carry electricity and railroads that carry goods. IT is more replicable and this makes it be compared to a more valuable commodity than just a byte of data. The comparison of IT to a commodity is not false, the comparison is right as the transformation that is made on the commodities can be made in IT (Harvard Business Review, 2003). Commodities are accelerated in terms of developments. Introduction of internet accelerated commoditization of IT through provision of a perfect generic application for the delivery channel. The first argument that is given comparing IT to a commodity is that IT is a transport process that transmits digital information just like the other forms of transport such as roads and rails. IT just like the transport system is effective when shared than when it is used in separation by an individual. The second argument that makes IT compared to a commodity is that it is highly replicable. It is hard to imagine a more perfect commodity than just a byte of data. When it is combined with technical standardization, there is production of more economical value. The concept can also be argued by through consideration of the arrival of internet that has accelerated the commoditization of IT. The last argument that is given by Carr is that IT is subjected to rapid deflection in prize. He links this to when Gordon Moore made a prescient assertion that the density of

Should the Electoral College still be in place Essay

Should the Electoral College still be in place - Essay Example This particular thesis would look back through history for examples where the electoral system on current values have failed to provide a decision based on the unanimous most popular votes achieved and hence appoint office a candidate who significantly does not hold the peoples ideology in running the country. Lastly we would succumb to the fact that prior to twentieth century the electoral system of electing the president was made by people who were the pioneers of their time and society while keeping in mind the common educational awareness in a single voter and how this method would cancel dysfunctional voting which may not be in the best interest of the United States. For matters concerning the voting system upheld by the Electoral College, there have been, for the past two centuries, excessive debates that primarily highlight the loop holes associated with this form of presidential selection. Firstly before jumping in to the jargon of as to why the Electoral College of president ial elections deems a misfit in current society we would on first note take up to the fact that what practically is the Electoral system of voting that we all so often refer to. On theoretical counts the Electoral College system of voting to claim a new head of the state is a method in which electors from every state cast their votes on potential candidates that seek to become the next president so as such the electors hold the key of who becomes the new subsequent head of the state. ... The votes casted by the American citizens is only associated with the electors of their own state hence even though votes pertaining to a hundred percent favoring either the democrats or the republicans could only and fundamentally suffice for their own states electoral representatives(Glennon; Whittaker et al). The number of electoral reps that every state acquires is a directly proportional figure to the amount of people or residents residing in it and therefore the number of electoral reps in each state varies from one another. For instance Minnesota as being a relatively bigger state than Columbia has seven more electoral votes and hence stands to a 10 to 3 ratio in comparison. The total number of electoral votes situated is five hundred and thirty eight and hence to potentially win an election a candidate must receive more than or equal to two hundred and seventy uncontested votes and effectively claim a winning spot. The voting system in every state apart from Maine and Nebrask a has a winner take all methodology on casting electoral votes as such if in any state the democratic or republic party get the majority votes then automatically the other residing votes which may not be in favor of the winning party would also be effectively transferred to the votes of the winning electoral reps. This particular policy has a major drawback concerning the fact that even though a candidate may win the most popular vote of the country it may eventually lose at the mercy of the Electoral college system. Again for instance the nominee from the democratic or republic party gets electoral votes from the majority of states but loses to small margins in larger ones like California, New

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Employee Commitment Among Essay

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Employee Commitment Among Perfusionists - Essay Example IV. This study shall establish the relationship between self-efficacy and employee commitment among CCPs. It shall also investigate the role of age, gender, workload, experience, education and self-efficacy on CCP commitment. V. The research design is that of a quantitative correlational study. Two survey instruments would be used. One would measure organizational commitment through the organizational commitment questionnaire and the other would be the work self-efficacy inventory. Data would be analyzed using t-tests and multiple regression analyses as well as non-parametric tests. VII. With positive social change, better societal outcomes can be gained, in this case, better outcomes for patients and better working scenarios for CCPs. This study would benefit CCPs primarily, improving their work conditions and commitment. It would also benefit the patients with improved quality of care. This is an optional page for a dedication. If you include a dedication, use regular paragraph spacing as shown here (not centered, italicized, or otherwise formatted). If you do not wish to include this page, delete the heading, the body text, and the page break below the end of the text. No page number appears on any of the pages up to this point. If you do not wish to include this page, delete the heading and the body text; if a blank page remains, delete the page break above but leave the section break that you see below this text. Perceived self-efficacy refers to an is an individual’s beliefs in about accomplishing a specific task successfully (Bandura (1977). The theory of self-efficacy is a component of the social cognitive theory, which emphasizesd that cognitive, behavioral, personal, and environmental factors interact impact on to determine motivation and behavior. Beliefs in personal efficacy affect individual personal choices, including the quality of their performance, their resilience, and their level of motivationimpact the choices

A Vision for Tel Aviv Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Vision for Tel Aviv - Case Study Example Here may be seen a working model for the future. Hypocrisy has no place here- there are no 'third-class Israelis' here.( Derfner , 'Third-class Israelis') During that visit a student was asked how all of them got along so well in the school. His answer- "We are all human beings and we treat each other equally" prompted the Rabbi to write, "We should listen and learn from this radiant gem of youthful wisdom. We are all God's children, created in the Divine image. Our sacred task is to see the Divine in one another, and to brighten and restore God's image here on earth." (Diamond, Religious Leaders of Greater Los Angeles Mission to Rome & Jerusalem) Diamond, Rabbi Mark S. Executive Vice President, Board of Rabbis of Southern California, Religious Leaders of Greater Los Angeles Mission to Rome & Jerusalem, January 29, 2008. http://www.boardofrabbis.org/Rome-&-Jerusalem-2008 . Retrieved on 15 April, 2009.

Strategic Analysis of Intel Corporation Case Study

Strategic Analysis of Intel Corporation - Case Study Example The report makes five forces analysis to judge the extent of market study done in the company. A SWOT analysis of the company as it stands today after its highs and lows and the strengths of the competition are all analyzed. In addition to this, the BCG matrix is prepared to study the extent to which the products have been capitalized by the company. And in what manner the company could further capitalize on their products. Further to the analysis, the extent to which all the stake holders in the company have been taken into account in every one of their decisions is also verified. It has been found that though most of the requirements have been taken care of in the strategy that has been adopted by the company, there are certain inadequacies too. These have been identified and are also listed in the report given below. The major conclusions drawn in the course of this study indicates that strategy does work and that there should be an objective even if a certain amount of vagueness comes into fore during execution and might necessitate changes in the course of the work. Delight our customers, employees, and shareholders by relentlessly delivering the platform and technology advancements that become essential to the way we work and live. - Intel Corporation, Mission Statement (Intel, 2007). Intel says, delight is highe... True to the statement, the company has heralded some of the best and the latest products for the world to live with. 3.2 Business Objectives The company's business objectives can be listed as below (Intel 2007): Extend our silicon technology and manufacturing leadership Deliver unrivaled microprocessors and platforms Grow profitability worldwide Excel in customer orientation The company has extended the use of silicon technology by creating microprocessors that are trendsetters. They have kept with their business objectives worldwide and have profitability too. Customer orientation is another major area that they are working on. 3.3 Analysis The structure of operation in Intel is not very rigid. It is a structure that gives liberty to the people's innovation. This is more like what is common with small companies. However, as Andrew Groove (1999), its CMD, says, "The Company can literally turn on its heels". This is made possibly only if the involvement of the people in innovation is matched with the large extent of understanding of the operational requirements of the company. One, the structure supports innovation; two, the Company because of its need to match customer requirements, has ensured that the innovative structure would help in positioning itself as customer centric. Both these factors have added to the profitability of the company as well. 3.4 Product and market Share The major products of Intel and their market share is given in table 1. S No Products Intel Competitor 1 Microprocessors 80.2% 11.1% (AMD) 2 Chipsets 57% 15% (Via Tech) 3 Motherboards 30% 22% (ATI) 4 Desktop NA 5 Laptop NA * (Tom Krizot 2006, Anton Shilov 2006) Figure 1: Products by the company Though as a product Intel's laptops and desktops might not be doing brisk business, their

A Vision for Tel Aviv Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Vision for Tel Aviv - Case Study Example Here may be seen a working model for the future. Hypocrisy has no place here- there are no 'third-class Israelis' here.( Derfner , 'Third-class Israelis') During that visit a student was asked how all of them got along so well in the school. His answer- "We are all human beings and we treat each other equally" prompted the Rabbi to write, "We should listen and learn from this radiant gem of youthful wisdom. We are all God's children, created in the Divine image. Our sacred task is to see the Divine in one another, and to brighten and restore God's image here on earth." (Diamond, Religious Leaders of Greater Los Angeles Mission to Rome & Jerusalem) Diamond, Rabbi Mark S. Executive Vice President, Board of Rabbis of Southern California, Religious Leaders of Greater Los Angeles Mission to Rome & Jerusalem, January 29, 2008. http://www.boardofrabbis.org/Rome-&-Jerusalem-2008 . Retrieved on 15 April, 2009.

Sherif 1954 Essay Example for Free

Sherif 1954 Essay Aim: To study the origin of prejudice arising from the formation of social groups Sherif carried out research into groups, leadership and the effect groups had on attitudes and behaviour. The Robbers Cave Study built upon his previous work. He thought that social behaviour could not be studied properly by looking at individuals in isolation. He recognised how social organisation differs between cultures and affects group practices, so he claimed that groups have to be understood as part of a social structure. The Robbers Cave Study used two groups of young boys to find: how the groups developed; if and how conflict between the groups arose; and how to reduce any such friction. Three terms defined according to Sherif are: small group individuals share a common goal that fosters interaction; individuals are affected differently by being in a group; an in-group develops with its own hierarchy and a set of norms is standardised norm a product of group interaction that regulates member behaviour in terms of expected or ideal behaviour group a social unit with a number of individuals who are interdependent and have a set of norms and values for self regulation; individuals have roles within the unit Procedure 22 young boys, aged 11, who did not know each other prior to the study. All from Protestant Oklahoma families to eliminate family problems and match the kids as much as possible. They were also matched based on a rating, including their IQ, from their teachers and were finally reassessed and matched , including issues such as sporting ability, before the experiment began. A nominal fee was charged for the children to attend the camp and they were not informed that they were being used for a piece of research in order to obtain â€Å"true† results The Camp The experiment is called the Robbers Cave Study because it took place in a camp at Robbers Cave State Park, Oklahoma. The location was a 200-acre Boy Scouts of America camp completely surrounded by the State Park. The site was isolated and keeping the two groups apart (at first) was easy because of the layout of the site, as shown in the diagram Data Collection There was a wide range of data collection methods: observer – participant observer allocated to each group for 12 hours a day sociometric analysis – issues such as friendship patterns were noted and studied experiment – boys had to collect beans and estimate how many each boy had collected tape recordings – words and phrases used to describe their own group were studied The observers were trained not to influence the boys’ decisions but to help them once a decision was reached Three Stage Experiment The two groups were formed and set up norms and hierarchies (to see how they became in-groups) The two groups were introduced and competition was set up, as a tournament (to test for friction, name-calling and hostility to the out-group) The two groups were set goals that they needed each other to achieve Stage 1: in-group formation The two groups were kept apart for one week to help the formation of group norms and relations. They had to work as a group to achieve common goals that required cooperation. Data was gathered by observation, including rating of emerging relationships, sociometric measures and experimental judgements. Status positions and roles in the groups were studied. There is much detail about how hierarchies within each group developed. The measurements were thought to be both valid and reliable because different data collection methods produced similar results. For example, in the bean-collecting task, the boys tended to overestimate the number of beans their own group members had collected and underestimate the number collected by the other group (the number of beans was actually the same). Stage 2: inter-group relations, the friction phase After the first week, the two groups were told about one another and a tournament was set up with competitive activities. Points could be earned for the group and there were rewards. As soon as they heard about each other, the two groups became hostile. They wanted to play each other at baseball, so they effectively set up their own tournament, which was what the researchers wanted. The aim of the experiment was to make one group frustrated because of the other group, to see if negative attitudes developed. Adjectives and phrases were recorded to see if they were derogatory and behaviour was observed as previously. The researchers introduced the collecting the beans experiment: the boys had to collect beans and then judge how many each boy had collected. This was to see if the boys overestimated the abilities of the in-group members and minimised the abilities of the out-group members. As was mentioned before, this was the case. Stage 3: inter-group relations, the integration The researchers wanted to achieve harmony between the two groups, which they did by introducing superordinate goals. This meant that the groups would have to work together to achieve the goals. At first, they introduced tasks that simply brought the two groups together so that they could communicate. They then introduced the superordinate goals, which included: fixing the water tank and pump when the water supply was threatened a truck that would not start, so they had to pull together to try and start it pooling resources so that they could afford a film that they all wanted to watch The researchers measured the use of derogatory terms and used observation and rating of stereotyping. Results Stage 1: in-group formation By the end of the first Stage, the boys had given themselves names: the Rattlers and the Eagles. The groups developed similarly, but this was expected due to how carefully they had been matched. Any differences present were most likely due to the different decisions they had to make based on their cabins being located in different areas. For both groups, status positions were settled over days five and six of the first week, and a clear group leader was in place. The Rattlers often discussed the situation of the Eagles, saying things such as â€Å"They had better not be swimming in our swimming hole†. Although the Eagles did not refer to the Rattlers so often, they wanted to play a competition game with them. It seems that even only knowing another group existed was enough reason for hostility to develop, even though neither group had been introduced yet. Stage 2: inter-group relations, the friction phase As soon as the groups found out about each other, they wanted to play baseball in a group competition: and so both groups had naturally moved onto Stage 2. The Rattlers were excited, and discussed such issues such as protecting their flag. The Eagles weren’t as excited, but made such comments as â€Å"we will beat them†. The Eagle selected as baseball captain for the baseball competition became the group leader of the Eagles for all of Stage 2, even though he was not the group leader at the end of Stage 1. When the two groups first met, there was a lot of name calling. There is evidence collected, including what the boys said, who they were friends with and practical issues (such as the burning of a flag). It was found that there were clearly negative attitudes towards the out-group members. Stage 3: inter-group relations, the integration During the initial contacts of this Stage, the hostility remained. There were comments such as â€Å"ladies first† and when they watched a group movie together, they sat separated in their individual groups. After seven contact activities, there were superordinate goals set up: 1 The staff turned off the valve to the water pump and placed two large boulders over it. The children were informed that vandals had damaged it in the past. They worked together to fix the damage and rejoiced in common when they were successful 2 The second goal was to watch a movie together, but both groups had to chip in to pay for it. They eventually agreed to go halves even though one group had fewer members than the others. However, this agreement showed that the two groups cooperated to arrive at one final decision which they both were happy with 3 The boys all went on an organised trip to Cedar Lake, where the truck suddenly ‘developed’ a problem meaning the boys had to use the tug-of-war rope to try and pull it out and get it started It was noticeable how friendships differed between Stage 2 and 3. More out-group members were chosen as friends by the end of Stage 3, which is evidence that friction was reduced by the superordinate goals outlined. Conclusions Most of the hypotheses put forward by the researchers at the beginning of the study were confirmed. Some of the conclusions drawn from the experiment include: The groups developed social hierarchies and group norms, even though they were not stable throughout the study Each group had a clear leadership structure by the end of the first week When the two groups meet for competition, in-group solidarity and cooperation increases and inter-group hostility is strong People tend to overestimate the abilities of their own group members and to minimise the abilities of out-group members Contact between two groups is not enough to reduce hostility When groups needed to work together, exchanged tools, shared responsibilities and agreed how to solve problems, friction was reduced – working towards a superordinate goal once was not sufficient, there needed to be numerous cooperation tasks to achieve this Evaluation Strengths: There were controls, such as the careful sampling and the briefing observers so they all followed the same procedures, this meant that cause-and-effect conclusions could be drawn more justifiably than when observing naturally-occurring groups There were several data collection methods and the findings agreed, so validity was claimed – for example, derogatory behaviour and recordings found derogatory remarks against the out-group The group conflict could be seen as prejudice; reduction of friction would be reducing the prejudice, therefore the study has a practical application Weaknesses: It was unethical in the sense that there was no informed consent obtained, there was no right to withdraw for the participants (also, the boys’ parents were not allowed to visit – to prevent them feeling homesick – but this meant they could not check on their children’s welfare) It was hard to generalise to other situations because the sample was restricted to boys with a specific background

Overview Risk Management On Construction Company Construction Essay

Overview Risk Management On Construction Company Construction Essay Rapid industrialisation has brought in its wake several problems. One of them is industrial risk, which is taking newer and newer forms ever. With mechanical, electrical, chemical and radiation hazards besetting the industrial world, the Risks to Life, Limb, Health and Wealth are common in this sphere of economic activity. Risks are present in every corner and under every stone. Industrial risks may arise while handling, storage or because of operational errors and violation of accepted safety procedures. The industry, therefore, has to be always prepared for such eventualities. An industrial risk is the one that may affect several areas within the factory or may cause serious injuries, loss of life, and extensive damage to property and disruption to manufacturing activities. Such risks may occur in any industry in spite of best efforts to prevent them. The suffering and damage as a result of the accident is determined by the potential for loss surrounding the event. However, the ris k can be largely avoided if effective action is taken as per pre-planned and practised procedures, utilising the combined resources of the factory and outside emergency services. The construction industry has changed rapidly over the past ten years and some companies are faced with more risk and uncertainty than before. Clients are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. Risk in construction has been the object of attention because of time and cost overruns associated with construction projects. Risk can be defined as an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project objective. As the conclusion, most construction company have to analyses their project to eliminating a specific threat, usually by eliminating the cause. The project management team can never eliminate all risks, but specific risk events can often be eliminated. Other than that, from the analysing, it can reduce the expected monetary value at risk events by reducing the probability of occurrence (e.g., using new technology), reducing the risk event value (e.g., buying insurance), or both. Objective Risk Management on Construction Company Most of consultants help business owners and entrepreneurs develop the business objectives necessary to achieve the organizations service, social, profit and growth goals by interviewing the principal leaders. Talking through the vision for an organization helps the leaders vocalize where they want the organization to go. A business objective provides a specific, measurable, realistic, action-oriented and time sensitive statement that, once achieved, propels the organization closer toward meeting one of its goals. The business goals and objectives form the foundation of its business plan. Business owners can follow the same process on their own to develop workable goals, objectives and actions to help their business succeed. There are 2 objective categories in Construction Company which are short term objective and long term objective. Short-term refers to one-year goals and objectives. For instance, if the goal is to open a real estate business, some short-term objectives include obtaining a realtors license, renting office space and purchasing a computer and MLS subscription. Long-term refers to three to five year goals and objectives. Following the real estate start-up example, these may include sales goals and objectives in terms of number of properties sold or dollars, and opening a second office location. One objective for meeting a sales goal of 24 homes in the second year of business would be advertising to reach a larger clientele. As the conclusion, the main objective of risk management is to protect the property, earnings and personnel of the organisation against losses and legal liabilities that may be incurred due to various risks. It minimises cost of the risk and maximises the pro ¬Ã‚ tability. The accidental risks may not only result in unexpected costs to a company but threaten its survival altogether. Thus, it is essential for the management to do some exercise to know about the possibility of a risk event, sources of such event and impact of such event beforehand and consider ways and means of preventing, reducing or minimising the loss . Terms of Reference This report is about the research on issue that relates to Risk Management in Construction Company. The research is focusing on Industrial Construction Company. The report about the research was requested by Miss Kwan Jing Hui. This report is prepared by five students undergoing the subject Corporate Risk Management in Multimedia University Cyberjaya who is Erda Nurakma Binti Zharani, Muhammad Adi Arzri Arshad, Thania Nasiha Md Shariam, Nurul Farahin Husin, Tiara Citra and Nur Atiqah binti Adam. We will like acknowledge Ziestech Company because the cooperation that they have been given to us in the process of completing this assignment. This report is submitted on 16 January 2013. Methods In this report about Risk Management in Construction Company, we are using two methods using the primary data and secondary data. The primary data is based on the interview that we have done based on an industrial construction company that we have chosen for more understanding in the research. The company that we have chosen is the Ziestech Company where we trying to get more information to support our research. We create a short questionnaire to understand more about the risk management of the company. On the other hand, we are doing our research also using the secondary data where we found some journals and other sources that can be helpful to support our purpose in completing this report. Findings Based on Research : Risk Management on Construction Company Risk Management in Construction Industry Risk in construction project is highly related to type of risks that may delay the performance of the project itself. In order to eliminate risks, in construction project should have effective risk management as mentioned by Lee Chun Siang and Azlan Shah Ali (2012). Effectiveness of risk management basically depends on how the project leader identifies and construct anticipation actions to risk that may occur during the life cycle of construction project. In addition, risk have to be analysed and listed out throughout project life cycle, otherwise poor risk management would affect in low performance of project. Refer to effective risk management, it enables to determine assessment of project risk, as well as control potential barrier to the success of the project completion. Construction projects value sometimes reflects to its risk management. Variable risks that related to construction project make it different from other industry. Its due to various variables such as engineering, procurement, technical (The Association of Project Management, 2000). In Malaysia, construction risk management has not been a priority and shows bad reputation based on Hamimah Adnan et al (2008). An attitude from contractor that attend to make simple project, fast process and less expensive methods while they identify risks. Even though in construction industry, its projects might be different from project to project, thats why risk identification also might be different. For the project leader, personal experiences, training speciality on risk management would be needed. However, Norazian Mohd Yusuwan (2008) found that Malaysian Construction Company is not paying much attention on reporting, reviewing and monitoring its risk management activity and still consider unfamiliar method among Malaysian Construction Company. Limited knowledge for risk management in construction project again related to limited budget and they found it will only add for operational cost of project. There is different treatment related to risk management that based on size o f Construction Company. Most of companies that is stable in financial status, well known in public, and hold a big construction project that will have formal risk management. Relationship Between Risk Management And Project Performance Maintain good performance during the project activity in construction will result in less risky for the project and closer to its successful. However, if happen to have failure in risk management it will cause increase in operational financial cost, capital structure amendment, delaying for building activity, overrun budget / higher risk in insolvency, lost in cash inflow, bad quality for final product possible to redo work after completion and many more (Sundararajan 2004). Various potential factors in construction project activity according to Flanagan and Norman, 1993; Akintoye and MacLeod, 1997; Smith, 2003, there are long period, complicated processes, abominable environment, financial intensity and dynamic organization structures. These variables of risk management hold important rule and reflects how the projects performance will be. Researchers found construction project performance determinations can be concluded to cost, time and safety (Chen et al., 2000; Shen, 1997; Tam et al., 2004). People Involve in Construction Project According to one of construction insurance for the Construction Design Management (CDM) 2007, players who involved in construction projects are clients, CDM co-ordinator, designers, principal contractors, contractors and workers. Property developer, and company who has construction project consider as clients. CDM co-ordinator will be chosen to lead the project and as advisor on health and safety issues during project time. Next is designers such as engineers and architects who prepared for building drawings in and out. Person in charge to plan, manage and co-ordinate health safety while project is happening will be the principal contractors. Contractors are people who involved in business construction i.e. civil engineering, mechanical, electrical, demotion maintenance companies. Lastly, workers are anyone who directly carries out the work during project construction, i.e. plumber, electrician and scaffolder. Risk Faced By Construction Industry There is no line item on a construction companys income statement titled Cost of Risk, but this is actually one of the industrys largest and most volatile expense items. Some construction companies pay 5 per cent or more of their gross income for risk related costs. In an industry with tight profit margins, effectively managing risk can sometimes make the difference between making a profit or not, and in some cases, the survival of the business. There are many kinds of risks faced by a construction company. One of the examples is economy slowdown. Recessions usually happen where there is a widespread drop in spending. Recession can give a very big impact to construction companies. This may be triggered by various events, such as a financial crisis, and external trade shock, and adverse supply shock or the bursting of an economic bubble. The other risk face by Construction Company is increasing competition, where, economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. Economic growth is generally distinguished from development economics. The other factor is that increasing in population can get same ideas or product from different people. The same construction will increase in competition such as quality, price, quantity and etc. The other risk the construction company faced is regulatory or legislative changes. Regulatory changes are controls imposed on a company by an authority (usually the government) that generally restricts the natural direction in which the company is moving. Legislative Authority or the power to make laws at the Federal level is vested in the Parliament, which comprises the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Other than that, Construction Company also facing the risk of injuries to the workers. Occupational injury rates among construction workers are the highest among the major industries. While several injury control strategies have been proposed by various organisations, their effectiveness for reducing the rate of injuries in the construction industry remains uncertain. Cash flow risks also one of risk that Construction Company faced. Some companys available cash will not be sufficient to meet its financial obligations. That is because of the any mismatch asset or quality in the constructions. In construction site, managing the work in time is necessary to avoid any delays and for the companys and investors good. However, employees sometimes forget to put safety first, by doing short cut and due to this result in accidents. Examples of common fatal accidents are falling from fragile roofs, ladders scaffolds, being stuck by excavators, lift trucks, collapsing structures. https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/j8IikJzDRP7KvSYHgn8FVcLGb40uxe1QwXN1EVR8Xp8ktrZEejeGb4yFSUlSxhxT9_H32_uziQYf3fnfEDjQiFSLZ8OetFhOBINTQuGVSJ4PoJCcWsM Based on reported data below from Malaysia Ministry of Human Resource period 1994-2008, major accidents caused in construction held the fifth position on last 2008. Numbers of accidents finally had decreased in 2008 as its lowest number within 12 years. Scope of Policy and Coverage in Construction Industry For purpose of this assignment, we will touched on the two types of risks faced by construction companies, that is, third party liability claims and injuries to workers and on how the insurance policy works to minimized possible monetary loss to the company. Third party liability claims can be in two forms, amongst others:- Claims made by the party whom have awarded the contract to the construction company. It can be a government or private company contract. One of the conditions in the contract agreement will be that the contractor must issue a performance bond to the awarder. Performance bond, normally in the form of an insurance policy gives an undertaking to the awarder of the contract that they will pay the amount stated in the policy in the case that the contractor fails to complete the contract or breached the specifications of the contract. In Malaysia, performance bond is normally within the range of 2.5% to 5% of the contract value. The other type of a third party claims is where claims made by a third party be it an individual or a company to the contractor due the suffering incurred by them which arise from the contract implementation, for example, damages to their property, sound pollution and also loss of earnings. There is normally no specific percentage on the coverage. However, it will be decided by the contractor base on his assumption on possibility and probability of its happening by looking at the nature of the job. Referring to Department of Occupational Safety Healthy Malaysian, below are Occupational Acts summary: Factories and Machinery Act 1967. 2. Employees Social Security Act 1969. 3. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. 4. Occupational Safety and Health (employers safety and health general policy statements) (Exception) Regulations 1995. 5.   Occupational Safety and Health (control   of   industrial major accident hazards) Regulations 1996. 6.   Occupational Safety and Health (safety   and   health committee) Regulations 1996. 7.   Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous   Chemicals) Regulations 1997. 8. Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000. 9.   Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004-NADOOPOD. Relation to current practice in Construction Industry in Malaysia Construction industry indeed one of the highest accident occur not only Malaysia but all over the world. Construction is one of the valuable asset to our nation since it brings Malaysia through the world by the recognizance of our building such as Petronas Twin Towers which is one of the highest building in the world, Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and Formula One Sepang circuit. This construction is an important part of our economy; it helps our economy by attracting the investors to invest in our country. News reported that incidence of injuries and fatalities rates are high in Malaysia. The company may lose their valuable employees if this frequently occurs. Employers responsibility to ensure the health, safety and welfare of their employee The quote of safety first is a common quote that used to ensure that every employee aware of their safety while working. There are several or awareness that have been given to ensure the health, safety and welfare of their employee. This is to ensure the company will be able to complete their project on time. When one of their employees injured while performing their work, it is considered as a liability for their company causing their work in progress slowing down. The amount spending for the purpose of safety is beneficial as the consequences are the company would enjoy an effective safety than suffering with the cost. There are several current practices to reduce the risk of accident. There are several effects that the company can get when they ensure the health, safety and welfare of their employee. This can be seen by the company can reduce the accidental cost, when they doesnt have to pay huge amount of money to pay for their employee if accident occur at their working place. The company will enhance the image of company by showing that their company is aware of their employees and following the rules of (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series) OHSAS 18001. The company also can increase their business opportunity which can be seen when their workers are efficient to finish their project on time. Increase overall profit of project were also the benefit of ensure the safety and health of workers this can be seen when theres no accident occur on their employee, the workers operation run smoothly and employer doesnt have to pay more on accident and get more profit instead. Companies can refer to the authority such as Department of Safety and Health (DOSH), National Council of Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) and Local authority about the safeness. Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) For example like Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) under the government was established by Act 520 of Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994 in July 1994 as a statutory body under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Works Malaysia, with CIDB they offered a provide training for the construction companies. The board ensures the company with the responsibility of coordinating the needs and wants of the construction industry, planning the direction of the Malaysias construction industry, addressing the pertinent issue and problems faced by the construction industry, making recommendation in the formulation of policies for the construction industry Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) The board will ensure that their customer would be provided sufficient information on safety and health. Their responsibility are responsibility of administrating and enforcing related to occupational safety and health to ensure that safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as others are protected from hazards resulting from occupational activities in the various sectors which include manufacturing; mining and quarrying; construction; agriculture, forestry and fishing; utilities (gas, electricity, water and sanitary services); transport, storage and communication; wholesale and retail trades; hotels and restaurants; finance, insurance, real estate and business services; public services and statutory authorities. National Council of Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH) The board was established under Section 8 of Occupational Safety and Health which is their responsibility is to Investigate and make report and also to recommend to the Minister any matters whatsoever related to the objectives of OSHA. To amend or make any change deem necessary for legislations of OSHA. To improve administration and enforcement of OSH legislation. To foster cooperative consultation relationship between management and workers with regards to OSH and well-being of workers. To resolve any particular problems related with OSH and well-being of workers consist of women, handicapped and other group of people in the society. To formulate adequate methods and procedures of controls at workplace for chemical industry. To analyze statistics related to occupational fatality and injury which happen at workplace To provide facilities for health care a workplace. To foster development plans and public acceptance of good industrial codes of practices related to OSH. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) The board main vision is to be the Leading Centre of Excellence in Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHs responsibility is providing training; consultation services inseminate information and conduct research and development to employees, employers and those responsible, either directly or indirectly in the field of occupational safety and health. Example of companies following the health and safety management guidelines Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSH-MS) guidelines promotes a safe and healthy working environment by providing a framework that helps organizations to consistently identify and control health and safety risks, reduce the potential for accidents, aid legislative compliance, and improve overall performance. Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd, oil and gas construction industry which practiced the OSH guidelines they are fully concern on the safety health and environment. This company is certified by ISO 9001 OHSAS 18001 and others. Their main objective is to establish a safety and health committee to upgrade the level of occupational safety and health in their company. They are committed to comply with all relevant environmental, safety and health legislation, prevent pollution and accidents, minimize usage of hazardous materials, chemicals and gases, and minimize release of pollutants to air, water and land. , reduce consumption of natural resources., reduce, reuse and recycle of waste, promote environmental, safety and health awareness to all employees, clients, sub-contractors, suppliers and visitors Sustainable Construction practices in Malaysia Several efforts has been given to the construction industry which it lead several changes. Construction waste causes environmental problem towards Malaysia such as water pollution, environmental pollution and others. The concern toward environment has been given only less attention before this however with the increasing awareness of global environment has lead the construction to increase the protection and sustainable towards our environment. This practice may lead to the structure which will enhance our lifes quality, protect the environment and at the same time maintaining a balance between growth in economy and preserving the natural resources and ecosystem. Problems in current practice of Malaysian Construction Industry Malaysian construction industry depends heavily on unskilled foreign labor worker as they considered as cheap, widely available and flexible. Majority of construction industry choosing this way as this might lead to a problem such as insufficient, slow and labor intensive. Growth of policy in Insurance Market of Construction Company Based on daily routine of a firm activity, they might encounter numerous kind of risk on during performing their job. The risk can be predicted before it might actually happen but the firm cant assume that all risk can be eliminated. Thus it comes to consideration of firm to have a proper way to manage their risk. There are three main insurances coverage in todays construction industry, which are: Contractors All Risk Insurance. Contractors All Risk insurance is precisely designed for the purpose of managing risk against any loss and damage during the construction work takes place. This kind of insurance covers any loss related to works, construction plant and any damage arising from the construction process. It a simpler word, this type of insurance policy helps to manage against unforeseen and accidental physical loss or any damage happens to the property during the period of insurance. Contractors all risk Insurance is best to cover all works executed by the contractor whether it is temporary type of work or construction type of work that takes a longer period to accomplish. The basic Contractors All Risk insurance gives protection coverage whether under construction period or maintenance period against: Material damage during the work under construction Loss and damage towards contractors machinery, plant and equipment. Loss and damage on principals existing property. Third party property damage or any bodily injury happens during the contract of work. The insured parties include the principal, main contractor and the sub-contractor. Examples of types of construction project that can be insured under Contractors All Risk Policy are: Civil works such as dams, power plants. General building construction such as industrial, halls, stadiums and residential. Towers, silos Railway line, roads, tunnels, bridges. Electrical equipment installation. Other miscellaneous work. Bonds / Insurance Guarantee. Bonds are widely being used and almost every interaction between inter-personal and inter-corporation use it to guarantee the project accomplishment. The insurance company actually works as a middle person between the two parties because the fact that insurance companies are financial institutions. Thus interference of insurance companies in bonding businesses can generate other type of business such as Contractors All Risk, Public Liability and Workmens Compensation policies. There are few features of bonds, which are; Once bonds are given, it cant be cancelled until its expiry date. Most of government project demand bonds and are worded, thus bond need to be issued by the contractors to satisfy the requirement of tender. Furthermore the demand of bond in such way enables the ability to invoke the bond by the holder without any reason and explanation. Any demand nevertheless any dispute or protest by the insurer, contractor or any third party needs to be settled by the insurer. Workmens Compensation Insurance This policy is being design to give protection for any employee insured against injury, accident or any disease caused from the employment. The employer is the one who need to pay such compensation based on the law set up in the schedule of the policy and common law. Demand for workmens compensation insurance usually comes from: Contractors who are required to have insurance under the requirement of contract with the Principal. Employers that are having foreign workers which are not eligible to contribute to SOCSO but because of (a) above, they usually include these workers in their insurance based on the wage roll of 15% of total contract value. The employer or their sub-contractor should also take note that they are also required to be under the provision of the Workmens Compensation. Findings Based on Interview : Risk Management on Construction Company In this part of findings, we refer to an industrial construction company that has been involved in this industry for a long time. Ziestech Enterprise has been kindly to provide the information needed about their risk management. The company located in Kulim Kedah. Basically, they are an electrical industrial construction company that offer customer electronic and air conditioner service. The manager, Mr Arshad Bin Tasselim has been exposed to us the risk management that company has applied for the workers and business. Ziestech Enterprise is a company that can be categorized as industrial construction. The company has been in the industry almost 10 years. Ziestech Enterprise has been humble in the industry where they have started small then eventually they had grown to become a very successful electrical industrial construction company. Based on our interview session with Mr Arshad, he explains that the company is very high skilled in electrical and wiring for the industrial construction where they have the ability to involve their business in handling heavy electrical job. Furthermore, to perform this kind of task, the company require a very special certificate such as Wireman from Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia. As an electrical construction company, Mr Arshad is aware that their company is facing a very high risk especially the workers safety. The operational task is related with electrical usage and appliances, where they might face the risk of having accident, loss, damage or injury during the construction works takes place. The industrial task is far more dangerous because the workers are exposed to a very high voltage. Mr Arshad explains more about the usage of electrical equipment that has been used in industrial works where it involves with 240V to 450V. Workers that involved in this kind of job, they will be supervised by the expertise that has been hired by the company. Mr Arshad is very aware with the risk that their facing every working day. Ziestech Enterprise is well prepared in managing the risk and decided to buy some of the insurance policies that can reduce the level of riskiness in performing the task. Mr Arshad explains more about the loss and damage during the construction work for example damage to machinery,plant or third party damage that has been insured by Contractors All Risk. The company also concern about the workers that may injured and accident during performing tasks where they pay for Workmens Compensation to insure the employee. Risk management is very beneficial for the company and the current insurance coverage satisfy the needs for the Ziestech Enterprise. Conclusion Risk Management in Construction Industry can be very beneficial to the companies that are applying this because the internal organizations such as staff, supervisors, middle and senior management have a heightened awareness of risks within their work environment. In addition, risk can be identified, assessed and controlled in accordance with the legislative requirements of OHS Act. Besides that, risk management becomes a part of the organizational corporate culture. It reduces the severity of an accident results in an associated reduction in pain and suffering. Moreover, risk management also reduce in the severity and incidence of workers compensation claims, leading to a reduction in associated and hidden costs (such as loss of staff morale, loss productivity, etc.). To conclude, it is a known fact that risk management is a very important tool to be applied by companies in order to ensure their survival. Both the contractor and the insurance company try their level best to reduce their own risks. Wrong judgment may be a fatal blow on the survival of the company. Recommendation The construction industry is a vehicle